How to plan for taxes in retirement

As you gear up to leave the workforce and rely on your savings and investments for income, knowing how to plan for taxes in retirement becomes a very helpful skill to have. In fact, the Thrivent Retirement Readiness Survey found that the most valuable piece of advice people would have given their younger selves would be to learn about tax implications for their retirement savings.

Working tax efficient strategies into your financial plan can help boost your long-term financial health. And that starts by understanding the three ways that various accounts are taxed: tax now, tax later and tax never. Diversifying your assets in these three ways can help lighten your tax load once you retire.

We'll discuss:

• The 3 tax buckets
• Why tax diversification matters
• Planning for Social Security taxes
• 4 strategies to help you be tax-efficient in retirement

Understanding which bucket your assets fall into is key to setting up a balanced financial strategy that can help you now and in the future. All investment accounts and financial products fall into one of three categories:

• "Tax now"
• "Tax later"
• "Tax never"
  

The "tax now" bucket generally consists of accounts funded with dollars from your paycheck that you've already paid tax on. Accounts included in the "tax now" category include:

• Checking and savings accounts¹
• Brokerage accounts¹
• Mutual funds¹

With "tax now" accounts, you've also already paid taxes on increases to the account's value due to interest, dividends and gains. Account increases might take the form of interest on a banking account or dividends and gains based on stock activity in your brokerage accounts or mutual funds. Even if you hold onto your shares for years, a fund may generate dividends that you pay tax on in the year they're distributed. You may pay interest, dividends and capital gains taxes year after year, but they're still considered "tax now" because you're paying tax on them in the year they occurred.

Taxable accounts like these have certain advantages. There's often no investment or contribution limits, and the money is liquid so it's accessible without financial penalties. This makes them suitable for building a base you can access before and during retirement, for example, if you need a down payment on a house or seed money for a business endeavor.

This bucket also will continue to be what you use as a source of day-to-day living expenses in retirement. But, because of the immediate tax bite, these accounts aren't the only bucket you want to have on hand for retirement savings.

In the "tax later" bucket are accounts you fund with pre-tax dollars. And they grow tax-deferred, which means you pay income tax when you withdraw funds. The most common "tax later" accounts are:

• 401(k)s ^2,3,4
• 403(b)s^2,3,4
• 457(b)s ^2,3,4
• Traditional IRAs
• Simplified Employee Pension Plans (SEP) IRAs ^2,3,4
• Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE) IRAs ^2,3,4
• Pension plan assets ^2,3,4
• Variable annuities ^2,5
• Fixed annuities ^2,5
• U.S. Savings Bonds ⁶

These tax-advantaged accounts are designed for retirement savings, so they're subject to certain access rules and restrictions. You'll want to note that distributions that you take from these before age 59½ can incur a 10% early withdrawal penalty and trigger income taxes.

If your workplace has a retirement plan, like a 401(k) and 403(b), it's a powerful way to build retirement assets. For one, many employers will provide matching funds, typically a percentage of every dollar you put in up to a certain limit. And with traditional 401(k) plans, the contributions that come out of your paycheck aren't included in your taxable income for the year. That means taxes aren't (yet) eating into the money you're investing.

Keep in mind that 401(k)s, traditional IRAs, SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs involve required minimum distributions (RMDs) when you reach a certain age. This is where the "tax later" part comes in. At that time, you have to take a certain percentage of your account balance or face a penalty, so you can no longer avoid taxation. The factor to consider, though, is that RMDs (which include the original pre-tax income you invested plus any value gained) will be taxed altogether at your income tax rate at the time of withdrawal. This rate may be higher or lower than when you put the money in.

Qualified annuities—which are purchased with pre-tax dollars—act in a similar "tax later" way. While your annuity contract grows on a tax-deferred basis, you pay ordinary income tax on the amount you withdraw. These, too, are subject to RMDs.

Nonqualified annuities, which are alternatively purchased with post-tax money, are treated a bit differently. The earnings and interest they accumulate are taxed at your ordinary rate, but the principal amount is tax-free. And unlike qualified annuities, they're not subject to RMD requirements.

The bucket "tax never" includes accounts that are generally funded with after-tax dollars and grow tax-deferred. Crucially, the gains from these may be income-tax-free when distributed.⁴ Among the more common examples are these:

• Roth IRAs ^5,7
• Roth 401(k)s ^5,7
• Roth 403(b)s ^5,7
• Roth 457(b)s ^5,7
• Municipal bonds ⁸
• Cash value of life insurance ⁹
• Health savings accounts (HSAs)
• Flexible spending accounts (FSAs)

Roth accounts, in particular, offer important potential benefits. For one, they allow younger workers to pay income tax when they're in a different tax bracket than the one they expect to be in during retirement. They also provide tax diversification, giving you access to tax-free income in your later years. They also have an additional advantage; they're not subject to RMDs (including Roth 401(k)s, Roth 403(b)s and Roth 457(b)s starting in 2024). This can give you more flexibility in withdrawing your money, or you can choose to leave the balance to your beneficiaries.

Retirement accounts aren't the only assets that fit into the "tax never" group. Most (but not all) municipal bonds—those issued by state, county and local governments—are income-tax-free at the federal level. So is the cash value of permanent life insurance. That's why permanent life insurance can be an important part of your tax strategy, especially for individuals who anticipate being in a relatively high tax bracket when they retire.

Assets that often get overlooked in terms of tax-efficiency are health savings accounts (HSAs) or flexible spending accounts (FSAs). These accounts can have a triple-tax advantage because they're funded with pre-tax dollars, grow on a tax-deferred basis, and can be withdrawn tax-free for health-related expenses. And unused funds will roll over to be used in future years.

It's important to diversify your portfolio by allocating investments across a variety of asset classes. That mix will be determined by your objectives and risk tolerance. But it's also critical to diversify the tax status of your assets, which may increase your after-tax returns.

Investing in Roth accounts, for example, may enable you to pay taxes on income when you're in a lower tax bracket—especially if you're young and haven't yet reached your peak earnings—rather than in retirement. And later in life, having some assets in the "tax never" bucket also enables you to draw from your assets strategically in order to stay in a lower tax rate. The more investment income you rely on, the bigger the potential tax savings.

What bucket do Social Security payments fit into? It depends on the income you have besides Social Security, as well as your tax filing status and the size of your benefit. The IRS uses a measurement called "combined income" (your adjusted gross income plus nontaxable interest plus half of your Social Security benefit) to determine the tax status of your benefits.

Although it's possible that you won't owe any taxes on your benefits, some Social Security recipients may owe taxes on up to 85% of their Social Security income based on your combined income.

• Learn more: Social Security income taxes: How much will you owe?

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Common questions about taxes after retirement

Even after you retire, taxes will play a major role in your financial plan. By understanding the IRS rules regarding taxes and retirement, you can come up with strategies to minimize financial surprises.

Dive deeper

The use of prudent retirement tax strategies is one of the best ways to make your assets last when you leave the workforce. Here's how to plan for taxes in retirement and help you potentially keep more of your investment returns:

It can make sense to use fully taxable stocks and mutual funds for short-term needs. But for your retirement funds, you generally want to max out tax-later accounts like 401(k)s and IRAs rather than relying on "tax now" assets.

Roth 401(k)s and Roth IRAs are particularly beneficial for younger investors or those who believe they may be in a higher tax bracket later in life. If you're not sure where you are relative to your tax bracket in retirement, you may want to mix Roth and traditional accounts. Some employers allow you to split your retirement allocation. If not, you can invest in a 401(k) at work and open a Roth IRA on the side. Note that with Roth 401(k)s, your contributions are "tax never," but your employer's matching contributions are "tax later."

Do you believe you haven't hit your full earning potential and you expect to be in a higher tax bracket down the road? You have the potential for a do-over with a Roth conversion.

One big caveat: You'll have to pay taxes on the assets in the year you perform the conversion. But if you anticipate being in a higher tax bracket later, diversifying in this way might be a good long-term strategy.

The cash value of a permanent life insurance contract can be used for retirement as well as other needs, like a loved one's college expenses. The money you withdraw is typically tax-free, which helps keep you in a lower tax bracket in retirement.

Perhaps you've maxed out your 401(k) and IRA contributions, and the only place left to invest are "tax now" assets like mutual funds. You still can minimize your tax hit by investing in things like exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or index funds, which can reduce your tax bite today and in future years.

Are you in a high tax bracket? Consider if a municipal bond may be right for you. The interest on most municipal bonds is tax-free at the federal level. In some cases, it's exempt from state taxes as well. However, these usually provide slightly lower yields to account for this advantage. That makes these fixed-income assets advantageous for investors in higher tax brackets but less so for those with a relatively low tax rate.

Working tax-efficiency into your financial plan can help you keep more of the money you earned and invested for retirement. A local Thrivent financial advisor can review your plans and help make sure you're on the right path. Thrivent and its financial advisors do not provide tax or legal advice, but we can partner with you and your tax professional or attorney.