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The 50/40/10 budget: Benefits, drawbacks and example

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Budgeting is an essential skill for achieving financial stability and freedom. However, the best budgeting method depends on your priorities and circumstances. The 50/40/10 rule is a straightforward and adaptable strategy if you want to balance disciplined spending and increase savings and investments.

Let's review how this budgeting rule works and how you can apply it to your daily financial routine.

What is the 50/40/10 rule and how does it work?

This budgeting framework simplifies money management by allocating your after-tax income into three basic categories: needs, savings and wants. This budgeting method prioritizes essential spending, saving and investing while allowing room for discretionary spending. It's easy to understand because you don't have to track several budgeting subcategories—all your monthly expenses fall into one of three buckets:

  • 50% for needs. Half of your income goes toward essential expenses, such as housing, utilities, groceries, transportation, health care and other bills.
  • 40% for saving and investing. The next chunk is dedicated to savings and investments. This includes contributions to retirement accounts, an emergency fund and other long-term financial goals.
  • 10% for wants. The smallest portion of a 50/40/10 budget goes toward discretionary spending like dining out, entertainment, travel and nonessential purchases.
$6,000 net income 50 40 10
50% Needs $3,000 40% Savings, investing $2,400 10% Wants $600

Why does the 50/40/10 budget work?

If you have debt, the minimum monthly payment falls into the needs category while any extra payments you make to pay down the debt fall into the saving and investing category. The idea is that when you pay down your debt, you'll ultimately have more money to save and invest.

Example of the 50/40/10 budget

Let's say your household has $6,000 in take-home pay each month. Using the 50/40/10 method, that would mean you use $3,000 to pay for your needs, put $2,400 in savings or investment accounts and spend $600 on wants.

"Distinguishing wants from needs takes honest reflection," says Claire Hevel, design leader and co-founder of Thrivent's Money Canvas program. "A simple yet effective way to assess the difference is to ask yourself: 'If I lost my income tomorrow, would I still need this to live safely and function day-to-day?'"

The key is to assess spending through its underlying purpose rather than routine, she says. For example, a car might feel essential—but is it the model that’s needed, or simply wanted? 

"It’s not unusual for core expenses to stretch beyond the 50% mark—especially with rising costs," Hevel adds. "And that’s OK. Budgeting frameworks like the 50-40-10 rule are designed to guide your choices, not police them. It’s perfectly normal to adjust the balance between 'needs' and 'wants' as your circumstances evolve. At the end of the day, your savings rate is the real compass. As long as you’re consistently putting aside a meaningful portion toward your financial future, you’re moving in the right direction."

Pros of the 50/40/10 rule

Like other budgets that split your income into different-sized spending portions, the 50/40/10 budget aims to give you some guidelines along with some flexibility. Here are a few other upsides of this method:

  • It's simple. The 50/40/10 rule has three straightforward budgeting categories that make it easy to divide your expenses.
  • It aims to balance present and future needs. By automatically setting aside 40% for saving and investing, you're putting almost as much toward your down-the-road financial goals as you're spending for your current needs. It can lay a strong foundation for balancing needs for today and your future.
  • There's a modest fun factor. This strategy leaves you with a bit of money every month to spend on items and experiences that let you live in the moment.

Cons of the 50/40/10 rule

No budget is universally perfect, and the 50/40/10 rule has its downsides, including that it's not realistic for every budgeter:

  • It's not an ideal split for everyone. If you have more expenses than income or live in an area with a high cost of living, even just the most essential of your needs might require more than 50% of your income.
  • The large savings portion may not align with your priorities. This budget method assumes that saving up money is important to you. Putting 40% of your income in savings and investment accounts every month may mean you skimp elsewhere—either not putting enough toward your needs or not giving yourself enough discretionary money to spend.
  • It can be hard to do if you have a variable income. The 50/40/10 model can be tough for freelancers, commission-based workers and other people with a different income amount each month. The amount that's 50% of their income may change frequently and drastically, making it challenging to commit dollars to investing and saving if they don't have enough to cover needs.
To build more self-awareness, pause before spending and ask: 'Is this solving a problem, or simply adding comfort?' That brief moment of reflection can shift your mindset from autopilot to intentional—and help you align your budget with what truly matters to you.
Claire Hevel, design leader and co-founder of Thrivent's Money Canvas program

Who should use the 50/40/10 budget?

The 50/40/10 rule works well for certain types of people or specific financial goals. It might be a good fit for you if:

  • You have a stable and predictable income.
  • You want to balance present enjoyment and future security.
  • You're new to budgeting and want a simple framework to manage your spending and saving.

On the other hand, the 50/40/10 rule might not be for you if:

  • Your earnings fluctuate from month to month.
  • You have more expenses than income or live in a high-cost area.
  • You prioritize experiences, entertainment and travel over saving for the future.

"Modern life makes it easy to confuse wants with needs," Hevel says. "Advertising, convenience, and cultural norms often cloak desires in the language of necessity—phrases like 'I need my daily coffee' or 'I need faster Wi-Fi' reflect how comfort and identity creep into our sense of essentials. Over time, habitual purchases can start to feel indispensable, even when they’re not.

"To build more self-awareness, pause before spending and ask: 'Is this solving a problem, or simply adding comfort?' That brief moment of reflection can shift your mindset from autopilot to intentional—and help you align your budget with what truly matters to you."

How to start using the 50/40/10 budget

If it sounds like the 50/40/10 rule might be right for you, here are some tips to help you get started.

  1. Assess your income and expenses. Begin by calculating your total monthly take-home pay. Then list all your monthly expenses and categorize them into needs, savings and wants. This initial assessment gives you a clear picture of your current spending and how it aligns with the 50/40/10 rule.
  2. Adjust your categories. If your spending doesn't align with the 50/40/10 allocations, identify areas where you can make changes. For example, you might need to cut back on dining out to boost your savings.
  3. Set up automatic transfers. Setting up automatic transfers to a savings or investment account every payday makes saving effortless and helps avoid the temptation to spend what you should save.
  4. Use budgeting tools. Budgeting apps and spreadsheets can help you track your spending in real time and ensure it stays within your target budget allocation percentages.

50/40/10 budget FAQs

How is the 50/40/10 budget different from the 50/30/20 budget?

The 50/40/10 budget is a variation of the more widely known 50/30/20 rule. Both approaches dedicate 50% of income to essential needs like housing, food, transportation and insurance. The key difference is in how the remaining income is divided. The 50/30/20 framework allocates 30% for discretionary spending and 20% for savings and investments, while the 50/40/10 approach places a stronger emphasis on building long-term financial security by dedicating 40% to saving and investing and limiting discretionary spending to just 10%. In short, the 50/40/10 budget is more aggressive in helping you grow wealth and prepare for the future.

Is the 50/40/10 budget realistic for low-income households?

For households with lower income, applying the 50/40/10 budget may be challenging. Essentials often take up more than half of available funds, leaving little room for such a high allocation toward saving and investing. Even if you cannot consistently reach 40% for savings, striving toward a higher savings rate than the traditional 20% can help strengthen financial resilience over time. Adjustments can be made to fit your personal circumstances, with the goal of building momentum toward greater long-term stability.

Can I include debt payments in the 40% saving and investing category?

Yes, debt repayment can be included in the 40% savings and investing allocation, particularly if you are paying down high-interest balances. Eliminating debt is one of the most effective ways to improve your overall financial picture and can often provide a better return than certain investments. Once debt obligations are reduced or eliminated, that portion of the budget can be redirected toward retirement accounts, brokerage investments or other savings goals.

What types of savings and investments count toward the 40%?

The 40% category is meant to cover anything that helps you build long-term financial security. This includes contributions to retirement accounts such as a 401(k) or IRA, deposits into high-yield savings accounts or certificates of deposit, and investments through brokerage accounts in mutual funds, ETFs or stocks. It also can include education savings for your children or additional principal payments on your mortgage, since those reduce long-term financial obligations. The goal is to put this portion of your income toward strategies that help you grow wealth or reduce future liabilities.

What should I do if my essential needs are more than 50% of my income?

If your essential expenses exceed the 50% guideline, the first step is to carefully evaluate your budget to see where adjustments might be made, such as reducing discretionary spending or refinancing high-interest debt. Prioritize covering your essentials, contribute as much as you reasonably can toward savings and investments, and aim to increase your savings rate gradually as your income grows.

Can I still use the 50/40/10 rule if my income is irregular or seasonal?

Yes, the 50/40/10 rule can still be applied to irregular or seasonal income, but it works best when based on percentages rather than fixed amounts. By dividing each paycheck according to the 50/40/10 breakdown, you ensure that both your essentials and your long-term financial goals are covered, no matter how much you earn in a given month. For individuals with fluctuating income, it also may be helpful to maintain a cash reserve that allows you to smooth out low-income months while continuing to make progress on savings and investments. Over time, this method builds consistency and helps reduce the financial stress of unpredictable income patterns.

Customize your budget to fit your life

The 50/40/10 budget framework can help you balance your needs, savings and wants and encourage disciplined spending. But for this and other budgeting methods, remember the "rule" is largely a guideline. You can adapt it to fit your financial situation and goals. For example, if you live in a higher-cost area or are just getting started in your career, you might need to allocate more of your budget to needs. In that case, a 60/30/10 budget might work better for you.

If you're uncertain about how to prioritize your spending, a Thrivent financial advisor can help you assess your financial situation and tailor a budgeting approach that ensures your spending supports your long-term goals.

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Concepts presented are intended for educational purposes. This information should not be considered investment advice or a recommendation of any particular security, strategy, or product.

Hypothetical example is for illustrative purposes. May not be representative of actual results. Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results.
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