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The Holy Roman Empire of the Catholic Hapsburgs still existed in the 18th Century, but wars and the lack of geographic unity of its regions diminished its power and influence. Germany remained divided politically, though parts were within the empire. At the beginning of the century, Prussia expanded its territory and influence through military conquest and efficient government. The region began to emerge as the dominant German power. This was the start of the rule of the "benevolent despot" (and musician-King) Frederick the Great (1740). French prestige and power under Louis XIV (1661-1715) and Louis XV (1715-1774) were exemplified by the splendor of the palace of Versailles and the royal musical establishment. Princes throughout Europe attempted to emulate the French royalty. The absolute authority of the kings over all aspects of society also extended to influence over the Catholic Church. Italy, though not united politically, exerted enormous musical influence throughout Europe. By 1740, Italian musicians had assumed positions of leadership in many cities. There were 85 Italian musicians active in London, 50 in Paris, 112 in Vienna, 41 in Dresden, and 45 in Munich. (Paul H. Lang, Music in Western Civilization, New York: Norton, 1941, p.458, map). Protestant England flourished as a rising commercial power largely through its trade and expanding colonialism in India, North America, and Africa. Although Roman Catholicism was outlawed, Protestant "Dissenters"––Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians––were tolerated. Royal courts and Anglican cathedrals supported much musical activity. The Spanish and Swedish powers were diminished through unfortunate wars. Russia expanded its borders and was becoming westernized through the efforts of Peter the Great (1682-1725). Colonization of non-European lands brought great wealth to France, England, Spain, and the Netherlands. Science academies were founded in Berlin (1700) and St. Petersburg (1725) to recognize achievement and stimulate research and exploration. Examples of scientific achievements include:
Among the prominent figures in French literature at this time were:
England saw the works of:
The leading visual artists in Venice were:
In England:
In France:
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